Global bunker fuel spending could rise by some $60bn as the shipping industry contends with rules aimed at lowering the sulphur content of marine fuels, according to a study from Wood Mackenzie.

The International Maritime Organisation has set a preliminary 2020 target for shipping companies to cap their sulphur emissions at 0.5% from the current 3.5% global cap. The European Union is looking to impose an even stricter 0.1%